Cream production and biological in vivo/in vitro activity assessment of a novel boron-based compound derived from quercetin and phenyl boronic acid.

Boronic acids constitute an important class of synthetic intermediates due to their high chemical stability, ease of use, moderate organic Lewis acid properties, reduced reactivity profiles and numerous biological activities such as antibacterial and antioxidant. The present study documents the synthesis and characterization of a novel boronic ester compound (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2- (2-phenyl benzo [d] [1,3,2] dioxaborol-5-yl) -4H-chromen-4-a) which was derived from phenyl boronic acid and quercetin. The new boron-based compound was used in the cream formulation after evaluating its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-enzyme, anticancer activities and electrochemical oxidation behaviour. Furthermore, the cream has been dermatologically and microbiologically tested. Also, histological evaluation of the agent was estimated on multiple rat organs by hematoxylin-eosin staining method. Antioxidant potential of the new compound was tested by ABTS cation radical (IC50: 0.11 ± 0.01 µg/mL), DPPH free radical scavenging (IC50: 0.14 ± 0.01 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.5: 1.73 ± 0.16 µg/mL) methods, respectively. The compound determined to have a dominant antioxidant activity. In addition, the synthesized compound had no toxic effect on the healthy cell line (PDF), while having a very high (IC50: 18.76 ± 0.62 µg/mL) cytotoxic effect on the cancerous cell line (MCF-7). In general, the compound showed moderate acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity (IC50: 115.63 ± 1.16 µg/mL), high butyrylcholinesterase (IC50: 3.12 ± 0.04 µg/mL), antiurease (IC50: 1.10 ± 0.06 µg/mL), and antithyrosinase (IC50: 11.52 ± 0.46 µg/mL) enzyme activities. In addition, the compound was found to be effective against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) bacteria studied at concentrations of 6.50 mg/mL. Moreover, the test results of the boronic ester compound used in the cream formulation demonstrated that it was microbiologically and dermatologically appropriate. Histologic analysis showed that the control group and experimental group were at similar properties without significant change. The phenyl boronic acid derivative compound synthesized from quercetin may have higher biological activity potential than quercetin. Due to the high biological activity potential of the synthesized compound, it has the potential to be used in food, feed, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

Phytochemical Contents of Different Parts of the Seeded Raisins from the South-East Anatolia: Enzyme Inhibitory Potential of Pulp Extracts.

In this study, some phytochemical properties of six seeded raisin species that are mainly cultivated in Southeastern Anatolia were investigated. Additionally, some physical and quality characteristics, phenolic contents (by LC-MS/MS; Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass/Mass Spectrometer System), anticholinesterase, and antioxidant capacities (DPPH; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging, ABTS; 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid cation-radical scavenging activity and CUPRAC; cupric reducing antioxidant capacity) of the cultivars were investigated on ground raisins. In all three methods, the antioxidant activity values of seed extracts were determined to be higher than those of leaf and pulp extracts. Remarkably, the seed extract of Banazi Siyahi showed the highest antioxidant activity in ABTS (IC50 : 4.35±0.02 µg/mL), DPPH (IC50 : 10.78±0.78 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.5: 9.33±0.45 µg/mL) methods. Additionally, the ethanol extracts of all pulp samples showed higher anticholinesterase activity against acetyl-(AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes than galantamine. According to the LC-MS/MS results, catechin (21.362 mg analyte/g extract) and epicatechin (44.667 mg analyte/g extract) found to be quite rich in Kerküs seed extract and isoquercitrin (116.873 mg analyte/g extract) and astragalin (31.915 mg analyte/g extract) detected to be quite rich in Banazi Siyahi leaf extract. Considering the mineral content of the varieties and the soil samples they grow in, all of the grape varieties analyzed in the study was found to be rich. Based on these findings, it might be suggested that Banazi Siyahi and Kerküs varieties have potential to be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industries, due to their contents of catechins, isoquercitrin and astragalin.

Determination of essential oil and biological activities of Hypericum ternatum Poulter and H. scabrum L. species collected from different localities: is H. scabrum an alternative to multifunctional species ST JOHN'S WORT (H. perforatum)?

The importance of Hypericum L. species, being used in traditional medicine, in the scientific world is increasing day by day. Hypericum species are plants that have been used in the treatment of many diseases for a long time and have healing properties. In the current study, the essential oil compositions of Hypericum scabrum L. and H. ternatum Poulter collected from different localities in Turkey were determined by GC-MS/FID. In addition, their antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities with their enzyme inhibitory potentials (cholinesterase, urease, tyrosinase, elastase, and collagenase) were investigated. Also, in vitro and in silico studies of the major components of the species have been carried out on the studied enzymes. It was determined that four H. scabrum samples mainly contained α-pinene (55.99%-62.80%) while three H. ternatum samples contained 2-methyloctane (9.45%-22.39%) and α-pinene (12.75%-33.08%). While H. scabrum essential oils possessed significant biological activity potential except for the antimicrobial activity, H. ternatum samples did not. All essential oil samples of H. scabrum exhibited a high cytotoxic effect (IC50 21.67 ± 0.34 to 34.67 ± 0.45 µg/mL) against colon cancer cell line (HT-29) and indicated higher acetyl-(Inhibiton% 83.30 ± 1.90 to 93.08 ± 1.04) and butyryl-cholinesterase (Inhibiton% 80.58 ± 1.19 to 93.28 ± 1.99) inhibitory activity than the standard compound, galantamine. Furthermore, all samples of H. scabrum showed high tyrosinase (Inhibiton% 69.00 ± 1.64 to 95.25 ± 1.42) and elastase (Inhibiton% 27.58 ± 0.34 to 36.69 ± 0.18) inhibitory effects. These biological activity results indicated that H. scabrum essential oil could be used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Determination of fingerprints contents of different extracts and parts of six endemic Salvia taxa by GC-MS: Source species for valuable compounds with drug or drug potential.

Public use of Salvia species and their importance in the scientific world is continually increasing. It is known that this use and the importance of Salvia species are mostly due to the terpenoid compounds that they contain. In this context, the terpenoid-steroid-flavonoid contents of extracts of six endemic Salvia (S. kurdica, S. pseudeuphratica, S. rosifolia, S. siirtica, S. cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa and S. cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis) species prepared with different solvents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Within the framework of the ingredient analysis, content analysis of the ethanol extracts of the root, branch, leaf and flower parts of the species collected in the same period between 2015 and 2017 years was performed. In general, extracts prepared with chloroform and ethanol were found to contain a wide variety of compounds while petroleum ether extracts were found to contain much less varied compounds. In addition, in general, root extracts are richer in terpenoid compounds than aerial part extracts. Some species can be used as source species in terms of ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, lup-(20)29-ene-2α-hydroxy-3ß-acetate, salvigenin and ß-sitosterol contents (52,114.28, 75,979.08, 101,247.41, 40,071.29, 33,952.13 and 34,010.90 µg analyte/g extract, respectively).

Essential Oil, Aroma, and Fatty Acid Profiles of Five Endemic Salvia Taxa from Turkey with Chemometric Analysis.

The essential oil, aroma, and fatty acid compositions of Salvia cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa, S. cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis, S. pseudeuphratica, S. rosifolia, and S. kurdica collected in 2015, 2016, and 2017 were analysed by GC-FID, GC/MS/Head Space and GC/MS. The results were evaluated chemometrically for principal component analyses and hierarchical clustering analyses using Minitab program. The main components of their essential oils have been determined as germacrene-D (41.79 % highest for these species), camphor (55.80 %), linalool (33.38 %), caryophyllene oxide (32.99 %), 1,8-cineole (26.30 %) and geraniol acetate (31.63 %), while for aroma 1,8-cineole (45.95 % highest for these species), camphor (58.54 %), D-limonene (40.83 %), linalool (27.67 %) and cis-linalool oxide (25.87 %). Oleic (72.65 % highest for these species), erucic (44.61 %), 2-palmitoleic (42.17 %) and nervonic (32.61 %) acids were determined as major components of their fatty acids. According to the PCA and HCA, the essential oil components of these Salvia taxa unaffected by the years, and accordingly, the Salvia taxa grouped among themselves.

Phytochemical Fingerprints and Bioactivities of Ripe Disseminules (Fruit-Seeds) of Seventeen Gundelia (Kenger-Kereng Dikeni) Species from Anatolia with Chemometric Approach.

Gundelia species are known as "Kenger-kereng dikeni" in Anatolia, and their aerial parts are consumed as food. Also, roots and seeds (disseminules) of the Gundelia species are used to prepare gum and coffee. The chemical contents of ethanol and hexane extracts of disseminules of 17 Gundelia species, 13 of them are endemic, were studied using LC/MS/MS and GC/MS. Additionally, their antioxidant potential and enzyme inhibitory capacity against acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase were determined. The unsaturated fatty acid ratios of Gundelia species were higher than their saturated fatty acid ratio. The highest sum of oleic and linoleic acid was detected in G. tournefortii var. tenuisecta (70.42 %). ß-Sitosterol, α-amyrin, 3-acetyllupeol were identified in 17 Gundelia species by GC/MS, while chlorogenic acid and luteolin by LC/MS/MS as major compounds. The ethanol and hexane extracts of G. siirtica, G. rosea, and G. mesopotamica indicated good cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among all species, ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis exhibited the best activity in ABTS (IC50 : 32.30±0.98 µg/mL), DPPH (IC50 : 59.91±0.89 µg/mL), and CUPRAC (A0.5 : 57.41±1.03 µg/mL) assays. Ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis also displayed the highest inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase (51.14±0.25 % at 200 µg/mL), urease (51.71±1.75 % at 200 µg/mL), and tyrosinase (39.50±0.85 % at 200 µg/mL) enzymes. According to the chemometric analysis of fatty acids, four groups were observed. Therefore, it is suggested that G. colemerikensis can be used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties.

Selective in-vitro Enzymes' Inhibitory Activities of Fingerprints Compounds of Salvia Species and Molecular Docking Simulations.

Recently Nutrition and Food Chemistry researches have been focused on plants and their products or their secondary metabolites having anti-alzheimer, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and antioxidant properties. Among these plants Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) species come into prominence with their booster effects due to high antioxidant contents, which have over 900 species in the world and 98 in Turkey. Some Salvia species are already in use as herbal treatment of vessel stiffness, Dementia like problems and cancer. Recently some species of Salvia are of extensive research topic. In this study, inhibitory potentials of secondary metabolites, rosmarinic acid, salvigenin, salvianolic acid A and B, tanshinone I and IIA, cyrtotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone I, carnosic acid, carnosol, and danshensu sodium salt were investigated against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, urease and tyrosinase enzymes both in-vitro and in slico in detail. Elevated inhibitory effects on acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase of dihydrotanshinone I (IC50: 1.50 ± 0.02 and 0.50 ± 0.01 µg/mL, respectively), carnasol (IC50: 11.15 ± 0.05 ve 3.92 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and carnosic acid (IC50: 31.83 ± 0.65 ve 4.12±0.04 µg/mL) were observed. Furthermore, all other secondary metabolites were active against butyrylcholinesterase. Anti-urease (42.41 ± 0.85%) and anti-tyrosinase (39.82 ± 1.16%) activities of tanshinone I were also observed. Potential inhibitory effects of these molecules on target proteins were investigated using DOCK and molecular dynamics calculations. Dock score analysis and Lipinski parameters were demonstrated that these ligands are potential inhibitors against relevant enzymes. Our findings suggest that Salvia species can be utilized as a ptential source of anti-alzheimer active compounds for designing novel products.

A GC-MS method validation for quantitative investigation of some chemical markers in Salvia hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. of Turkey: Enzyme inhibitory potential of ferruginol.

In the present study, a GC-MS method used for quantitative screening of 26 compounds (sclareolide, sclareol, ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, suginal, 9,10-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenanthren-3-ol, sugiol, inuroyleanone, 12-demethylmulticauline, 7α-hydroxy-ß-sitosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, salvigenin, sinensetin, α-amyrin, lupeol, lupenone, 3-acetyl lupeol, 1α,21α-dihydroxy-2,3-(1'1'-dimethyl-dioxymethylene) urs-9(11),12-dien, uvaol, betulin, pyxinol, lup-(20),29-ene-2α-hydroxy-3ß-acetate, betulin 3ß, 28ß-diacetate, 21α-hydroxy,2α,3ß-diacetoxy urs-9(11),12-dien) specific to Turkish Salvia species was developed and validated. According to the GC-MS analysis results, Salvia hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. roots were found to be rich in ferruginol (30787.97 µg/g extract) and lupenone (23276.21 µg/g extract), and leaves in lupeol (20625.92 µg/g extract). Additionally, the essential oil and aroma contents of this species were identified by GC-MS technique. According to the LC-MS/MS results, especially S. hypargeia leaf extract was rich in rosmarinic acid (38035.7 µg/g extract) and isoquercitrin (4136.91 µg/g extract). Furthermore, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase inhibitory, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extracts, essential oil, and major components of the species were evaluated. Antioxidant potentials of all extracts of this species were quite high in all studied antioxidant methods. Moreover, butyrylcholinesterase and elastase inhibitory capacities of ferruginol, the major component of S. hypargeia roots, were notable. For these reasons, this species has a high potential for food and pharmaceutical industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This new GC-MS method was applied to S. hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. and it indicated that this species possessed high amount of ferruginol and lupeol, and that this species could be used for their natural sources. According to the results of the activity studies (antioxidant, anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, elastase, and cytotoxic), this method was used to exhibit which compound may be responsible for the activities. This developed and validated method could be easily applied to determine major/active/toxic secondary metabolites of Salvia species which are used and/or could be used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

Evaluation the effects of low-level laser therapy on disc displacement with reduction.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the effects of additional low-level laser therapy (940 nm GaAlAs) to the routine occlusal splint therapy on maximal mouth opening (MMO), visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and passive mouth opening (PMO). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2016 and March 2018, a total of 40 patients (10 males, 30 females; mean age 22.35 years; range, 18 to 60 years) with disc displacement with reduction of the temporomandibular joint were included. The patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (control group, n=20) received routine non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy and occlusal splint therapy for eight hours per day for a total of three months. Group 2 (laser group, n=20) received NSAID, occlusal splint therapy and 940 nm wavelength diode laser therapy for two sessions per week for a total of four weeks. The MMO, PMO, and VAS scores were recorded before and at one, two, three, four, and 12 weeks after treatment. The joint and muscle examinations were performed. RESULTS: A constant decrease was found in the VAS scores in both groups. At four (p=0.008) and 12 weeks (p=0.003), a statistically significant difference in the VAS scores was observed. At all time points, PMO and MMO scores increased in both groups. The MMO scores were statistically higher in the laser group at all time points (p<0.005). CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest that short-term low-level laser therapy additional to conventional treatment may yield satisfactory outcomes.

A Detailed Biological and Chemical Investigation of Sixteen Achillea Species' Essential Oils via Chemometric Approach.

Representatives of the Achillea genus are widely used as foods or nutraceuticals. Considering the increasing demand for herbal dietary supplements with health promoting effects, the objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils obtained from sixteen Achillea species (A. biebersteinii, A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii, A. aleppica subsp. zederbaueri, A. vermicularis, A. monocephala, A. nobilis, A. goniocephala, A. sintenisii, A. coarctata, A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi, A. millefolium subsp. millefolium, A. lycaonica, A. spinulifolia, A. teretifolia, A. setacea, and A. schischkinii). Anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase enzymes inhibition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxic and cytotoxic activities of obtained essential oils were investigated. DPPH activities were found to be very low in all studied samples, while ABTS and CUPRAC antioxidant activities were found to be moderate. In addition, all samples were found to have moderate anticholinesterase and antimicrobial effects. It has been determined that the studied species have low cytotoxicity and high toxicity. Besides, chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC/MS and the results were chemometrically analyzed. The chemometric analyses of Achillea species collected from nine different regions were accomplished by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) techniques. According to the PCA analysis, A. nobilis subsp. neilreichii was found to be different from all studied species in terms of essential oil composition. The major components found in these species were piperitone, camphor, α-terpinene, eucalyptol, artemisia ketone, endo-borneol, ß-eudesmol and verbenol. The fact that camphor was toxic and found in majority of the studied species stands out as a remarkable result.

Phytochemical and biological investigations on two Nepeta species: Nepeta heliotropifolia and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha.

In the present study, the essential oil and aroma compositions of Nepeta heliotropifolia (NH) and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha (NC) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID), and their phenolic compounds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase activities of essential oils obtained from NH and NC aerial parts and ethanol extracts prepared from different parts of NH and NC were investigated. The major constituent of water-distilled essential oils was found to be germacrene D (36.7% and 38.5%, respectively), and their main aroma component was eucalyptol (48.0% and 24.7%, respectively). Among the studied parts of NH and NC, their flowers extracts were found to be the richest in phenolic compounds and in which the most abundant compound was rosmarinic acid (8,909.91 and 4,317.20 µg/g, respectively). NH and NC flower extracts exhibited also strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays. Among the tested samples, NH essential oil indicated the best cytotoxic effect against PDF, HT-29, and MCF-7 (IC50 52.34, 25.89, and 44.70 µg/ml, respectively), and the highest butyrylcholinesterase (77.21 ± 1.12% inhibition) and moderate acetylcholinesterase (41.36 ± 0.69% inhibition) inhibitory activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This is the first report on the essential oil and aroma compositions, the phenolic compounds, the antioxidant with total phenolic and flavonoid contents, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase activities of Nepeta heliotropifolia and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha, except for their essential oil compositions. The reported results suggested that Nepeta heliotropifolia and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha flowers being rich in rosmarinic acid and having strong antioxidant potential, and NH essential oil possessing significant cytotoxic and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect could be source for nutraceutical, food, and drug industries.

Trace Element Analysis by ICP-MS and Chemometric Approach in Some Euphorbia Species: Potential to become a Biomonitor.

In this study, the branch, leaves, flowers, roots and mixed parts of different nine Euphorbia species were analyzed for their trace element contents by using ICP-MS. The samples were digested by concentrated nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a microwave by ICP-MS before the analysis. The accuracy and precision of the method was evaluated by CRM 1573a Tomato Leaves. Trace element contents accumulated in different parts of each sample were contrasted. Minitab Statistical Software Inc., programme was used for the multivariate analysis of 12 toxic metals of seeds, roots, branches, leaves, flowers, and mixed parts of Euphorbia species collected from Diyarbakir, Kayseri, Malatya, Mardin, Trabzon, and Van cities.When the studied Euphorbia species are compared in terms of their metal contents; V, Tl, Cr, and Ni metals in E. eriophora, Ba in E. aleppica, As and Co metals in E. segiieriana, Ag and Se metals in E. craspedia, Cu and Cd metals in E. fistulosa, Cs and Pb metals in E. grisophylla, Zn in E. macroclada and also Rb and Sr metals in E. denticulata were determined higher. It was determined that the studied species accumulated some metals at highly amounts especially in the root and leaf parts. In general, it can be said that Euphorbia species have high potential to become a biomonitor. For this reason, it can be predicted that these species will be used as ornamental plants in landscape architecture due to both their toxic metals retention properties and their beautiful appearance.

A comprehensive LC-MS/MS method validation for the quantitative investigation of 37 fingerprint phytochemicals in Achillea species: A detailed examination of A. coarctata and A. monocephala.

The current study aims to optimize and validate a comprehensive LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of 37 phytochemicals (15 phenolic acids, 17 flavonoids, 3 non-phenolic organic acids, 1 phenolic aldehyde and 1 benzopyrene) in Achillea species. Though Achillea species were chosen as real life samples, the current method is applicable to a wide range of plant species. The developed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, accuracy (recovery), inter-day and intra-day precision (repeatability), limits of detection and quantification (LOD/LOQ) and relative standard uncertainty (U% at 95% confidence level (k = 2)). Reversed-phase ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography was optimized to achive optimum separation for 37 phytochemical compounds and to overcome the suppression effects. MS detection was performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and negative or positive ionization modes were optimized for each analyte. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to quantify the analytes, related molecular ions and transition ions were optimized. Phytochemical screening of ethanol and methanol-chloroform extracts of root and aerial parts of A. coarctata and A. monocephala were performed by using the developed and validated LC-MS/MS method. Root and aerial parts of both species have considerable amounts of certain phenolic-nonphenolic acids (quinic, malic, fumaric, chlorogenic and vanillic acids) and flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, isoquercitrin, apigetrin, luteolin, apigenin). Additionally, total phenolic and flavonoid amounts, antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, ß-carotene lipid peroxidation test system and CUPRAC cupper reduction capacity methods), anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, urease inhibition and cytotoxic activities (on HeLa (Human Cervical Carcinoma Cell Line) of A. coarctata and A. monocephala were also investigated. It has been determined that the studied Achillea species, that are rich in total phenolic-flavonoid and chlorogenic acid contents, have high antioxidant and cytotoxic potential at the same time. According to the results of LC-MS/MS, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity studies, after detailed chemical investigation and toxicity studies on these species, A. coarctata and A. monocephala may be promoted as promising sources of natural agents and used for the development of nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients in future.

The relation between compliance to the Mediterranean diet and the extensiveness of coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: There are various studies showing the cardiovascular benefits of the Mediterranean diet (MD), but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which aimed to investigate the relation between adherence to the MD and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: The study was a single centre, cross-sectional prospective study which included 200 consecutive patients (131 men [65.5%] and 69 women [34.5%], mean age 57±9) who were diagnosed with CAD by coronary angiography between January 2012 and April 2013. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to the patients. Compliance to the MD was evaluated by the MD score (MDS), which collects prominent diet characteristics under 10 main titles. Each patient's angiographic data was examined by a cardiologist, and Gensini scores (GS) were then calculated to evaluate the extensiveness of coronary atherosclerosis. RESULTS: Forty-four percent of patients were in the third category of body mass index (BMI) (≥30 kg/m2) and 17.5% were in the first category (BMI<25 kg/m2). Education levels were markedly low, with 78% of the patients having fewer than six years in education. Most patients had low physical activity levels (55.5%). Frequency of metabolic syndrome was prominent (79%). The median (25-75 percentiles) of GS was found to be 21.25 (7-44.75) and the MD score was 4 (3-5). A negative correlation was found between compliance to the MD and GS (r=-0.380, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This study found that in patients with CAD, compliance with the traditional MD is related to decreased severity of coronary atherosclerosis.

Predictors of early death in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

AIM: We aimed to determine the predictors of early death in the course of acute pulmonary embolism (APE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 206 patients who had been admitted to our hospital between January 2011 and April 2013 with the diagnosis of APE. We derived a new model including corrected QT interval dispersion (QTcd) and P wave dispersion (Pd), echocardiographic findings, laboratory markers, and blood cell count indices to predict early death in patients with APE. RESULTS: Thirty patients (14.5%) died; 176 patients (85.5%) lived after diagnosis of APE. Logistic regression (LR) analysis found that troponin I (odds ratio [OR], 1.084 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.009-1.165]), creatinine (OR, 4.153 [95% CI, 1.375-12.541]), mean platelet volume (OR, 1.991 [95% CI, 1.230-3.223]), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (OR, 1.079 [95% CI, 1.005-1.160]), QTcd (OR, 1.084 [95% CI, 1.043-1.127]), Pd (OR, 1.049 [95% CI, 1.004-1.096]) were associated with early death in APE. New LR model (area under the curve [AUC], 0.970) performed better than the simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (sPESI) score (AUC, 0.859) in predicting early death in APE (P=.021). The predictivity of the sPESI score significantly improved after its single combination with creatinine, QTcd, or troponin I. When the combined model was constructed together with these 6 independent variables and sPESI score, stepwise LR model automatically excluded Pd and NLR, and the AUC from the rest of the combined model was 0.976, which is significantly different from the AUC of sPESI (0.859) (P=.0031). CONCLUSIONS: Creatinine, troponin I, and QTcd significantly improves sPESI score. A new model with troponin I, creatinine, mean platelet volume, NLR, QTcd, and Pd seems to have greater prognostic power than the sPESI scoring system.